The water was added to the compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved. The results were correlated with the information of the slag characterization. Droussi Z, D'Orazio V, Hafidi M, Ouatmane A. J Hazard Mater. Steelmaking plants continuously strive to reduce the environmental load in the steelmaking process, resulting in the recycling of energy, water, and other byproducts. Home > It was reported that the cementitious properties increase under room temperature curing, with finer slag producing more significant strength increase (Pearce, 2012). MgO content in the slags mentioned is between 7.2 and 12.4%. It is important to take into account that in order to enhance the performance of this industrial practice, it is necessary to understand deeply the associated fundamental phenomena. Free calcium and magnesium oxides are not completely consumed in the steel slag, and there is general agreement in the technical literature that the hydration of unslaked lime and magnesia in contact with moisture is largely responsible for the expansive nature of most steel slags. Steel slag can normally be obtained from slag processors who collect the slag from steel-making facilities. High-grade steels have high carbon content. An official website of the United States government. Chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement. The reaction products are oxides, which are finally incorporated into the slag. Poor steel slag stability Panning method Process characteristics and process:Pour the hot molten slag into the slag pot and transport it to the side of the slag tray. The open hearth furnace process is no longer used. Careers. Different types of porous carbonaceous particles identified. Average critical temperature values (melting behavior) of the slags before and after foaming practice. The principles underneath this movement bring new requirements with an emphasis on the rational use of material and energy resources by controlled minimization of total emissions produced. Steel slag aggregates are highly angular in shape and have rough surface texture. Also, a good adherence behavior on MgO-C samples was obtained by means of dipping tests. 2020 Mar 25;68(12):3722-3728. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00658. Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. It was found that steel slag is volumetrically unstable as compared to blast furnace slag due to the content of expansive oxides such as MgO and CaO. Phone: 1.248.848.3800 Finally, the corrosion of the steel rebars in the reinforced EAF slag concrete, after a year in the tidal seawater environment, showed greater susceptibility to corrosion than in the limestone reference concrete. As professional one-stop solution provider, LIAONING MINERAL & METALLURGY GROUP CO., LTD(LMM GROUP) Established in 2007, and focus on engineering research & design, production & delivery, technology transfer, installation & commissioning, construction & building, operation & management for iron, steel & metallurgical industries globally. This also requires the addition of increased levels of lime and dolime (flux) for the removal of impurities from the steel and increased slag formation. For slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with good foamability properties, the viscosity () values are between 1.07 and 1.19 poise and the surface tension between 616 and 665 mN/m, at 1550C. Abstract. As it was already mentioned, viscosity is considerably affected by FeO content. Drainage phenomena decrease the thickness of the liquid separating film to values lower than 1m. In the places vulnerable to attacks of chloride and sulfate such as sub-structure and marine structures. * Hardness of dolomite measured on same scale is 3 to 4. This may also decrease the toughness of the weld. These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Gupta, J. D., and W. A. Kneller. Guilherme Constantino Meirelles, Anelisa de Aquino Vidal Lacerda Soares, Farmington Hills, MI Both properties, high viscosity and surface tension, are determined by the chemical composition and the evolution of the slag at process conditions. In this area of research, it has been concluded that slag is suitable for use in concrete under normal enviromental conditions and has more fire resistance than the commonly used aggregate, but when combined with Portland cement, slag does not provide increased fire resistance to concrete. It is possible to reduce steelmaking cost and get ecofriendly benefits, recycling ladle slag. In addition, solid and liquid phases of the slag (at practice temperatures) in the system have relevant influence on the adherence behavior. Steel slag is a byproduct of iron and steel production by the metallurgical industries. As a recyclable material, they support resource conservation by substituting nonrenewable natural stone. However, for civil applications, exhaustive controls are carried out in order to determine contents of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid soil contamination. Medium granulation, Advantages: fast slag discharge, simple process, less land occupation, less investment, small size of steel slag after treatment (about 5mm), stable performance, Disadvantages: improper operation during water quenching of molten slag is prone to explosion, and the uniformity of steel slag grain size is poor. Different steel plants, depending on their lay out, process conditions, and operation, have developed and implemented various techniques for protecting MgO-C refractory lining: brick patching, gunning, manual splashing, chemical splashing, slag coating, slag foaming, and slag splashing [1, 4]. Slag low-melting point possibilitates the application in ladles during secondary refining process reducing the fluorspar or lime additions. High viscosity is perhaps the most obvious factor in the stabilization of BOF-converter foams, and it retards the rate of drainage in the films of the bubbles. Bubble sizes in EAF slags are 12 mm. 48331-3439 USA To control foam height, carbonaceous particles can be added to slag with adequate size and low volatile content. Maintenance cost of a steel structure is very high. Next, The flame test required the solution made during the solubility test. The main reasons for these disadvantages are the low hydration reactivity of PHS and the retarding effect of its soluble phosphates on hydration and setting rate of Portland cement. ACI members have itthey are engaged, informed, and stay up to date by taking advantage of benefits that ACI membership provides them. Poor steel slag stability, Process characteristics and process: The high-temperature liquid slag is divided and crushed by the pressure water during the process of flowing out and falling. Experimental measurements have difficulties associated with the high temperature needed (or the high melting point of some slags). Annually, 21 million tons of steel slag (SS) is produced in the United States. To improve the performance of these industrial practices and their applications, it is necessary to deeply understand the fundamental phenomena so as to determine slags characteristics and physical properties required at process conditions. Epub 2008 Aug 8. Books > Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994. Steel slag is a major industrial waste in steel industries, and its dissolution behavior in water needs to be characterized in the larger context of its potential use as an agent for sequestering CO 2. All these activators have some common properties: caustic, corrosive, and highly hazardous. In EAF steelmaking, the foam becomes less stable toward the end of the process. 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Based on the slag chemical composition, the binary basicity index (IB2) and ternary basicity index (IB3) are calculated to predict foamability of the slags applying ISD (see Table 3). Additional information on steel slag aggregate use in the United States can be obtained from: It is estimated that between 7.0 and 7.5 million metric tons (7.7 to 8.3 million tons) of steel slag is used each year in the United States. A lance is lowered into the converter and high-pressure oxygen is injected. The ladle slag recycling also represents an important alternative to reduce steelmaking cost, decreasing the consumption of fluorspar and lime (among others metallurgical applications), and get ecofriendly benefits. Various types of slag are produced: - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. Slag recycling in the steel job constitutes a relevant way of reusing with important economic impact on refractory costs. Baking soda and citric acid mixed when dropped in the water, which causes a chemical reaction to happen. Licensee IntechOpen. Oxidation and reduction reactions continuously change slag composition, and chemical reactions produce CO gas that also changes significantly with time [19]. The amount of ladle slag generated in the steelmaking is important. Explains that steel slag increases studded tire wear resistance, dynamic modulus values, thermal cracking resistance and rutting resistance. On this base, material C3 is the most favorable for the slag foaming practice due to the size and distribution of the pores. (5). In this sense, the interest shown by the professional community in aggregates based on secondary raw materials is increasing, and slags constitute a good alternative. Mainly, it is used as an aggregate in asphalt and concrete . 2012 Jan;104:497-502. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.021. Also, the higher the viscosity the higher the foaming index. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Lais Lorena Queiroz Moreira, Leonardo Theodoro Bll and As shown in Figure 4.2, about 24% of all blast furnace slag usage is in road construction. Roll rings for high speed rolling of ribbed steel bars, Three dimensional carbide rolls for cold rolling. (1,2) The free lime hydrates rapidly and can cause large volume changes over a relatively short period of time (weeks), while magnesia hydrates much more slowly and contributes to long-term expansion that may take years to develop. BSSF Advantages. In the three cases, the slags require good physical properties (viscosity and surface tension) to achieve good protection results and an adequate slag adherence to MgO-C bricks. The highest foaming index was obtained for slag E15 with 19.68% SiO2, 17.20% FeO, 9.47% MgO, and 5.28% MnO. Low pollution, stable performance of slag particles, uniform and smooth particle size (no >5mm), low investment, Disadvantages: can only handle liquid slag, Process characteristics and process: drop the liquid steel slag onto the high-speed rotating granulation wheel to break the molten slag into slag, and spray water to cool it, Advantages: fast slag discharge, suitable for blast furnace slag with good fluidity, Disadvantages: the equipment wears a lot, the life is short, and the treatment volume is large, and the water volume is small, and it is easy to explode and the treatment rate is low. Increasing the steel slag content improved the drying shrinkage resistance but was not conducive to the temperature shrinkage resistance. Can only handle liquid slag. "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. 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