The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Butall of those promises are only from the start,in the end it was the opposite of what hepromised in the society. This ambush, as Enrile later revealed in 1986, was staged by Marcos to justify Martial Law. Former Open City Fellow Syma Mohammed answers ten questions about her writing life, Deaf interpreters Xgamil Campos-Espinosa and Romduol Ngov in conversation, A spotlight on Deaf poet and Latina Sickle Cell Warrior Crystal Martinez. Many private establishments particularly media companies critical of the government were closed, and the arrest of activists were made through the Philippine Constabulary; many of the abuses were attributed to the latter, which was then headed by future president Fidel Ramos. Panaglagip: The North Remembers, a collection of stories, articles, and poems written by activists in Northern Luzon during the Marcos dictatorship, is the "first account of Martial Law from the North," said co-editor Joanna Caro. The imposition of martial rule has been generally peaceful in Davao City and other major cities in Mindanao, except Lanao del Sur and Lumad communities in the eastern and southern provinces. Just static. 2 Part One FOR the past 45 years now, the lingering question in the hearts and minds of our people, especially the young generation, has remained an enigma as to [58] In declaring martial law, Marcos dissolved Congress, padlocked the doors to the Batasang Pambansa, suspended the writ of habeas corpus assumed both legislative and executive powers for himself as President, and defrayed the end of his last allowed presidential term under the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, which was due to end in fifteen months. Explanation: hope it helpsssss! Online Digital Print Editions", "Communist Party of the PhilippinesNew People's Army", "PASCN Discussion Paper No. The culmination of a long period of preparation. I remember the day martial law took effect. [86], After martial law was declared, critics of the government were arrested, which included then Senators Benigno Aquino Jr. and Ramon Diokno, and Manila journalistsManila Times publisher Chino Roces and columnist, Max Soliven; Manila Chronicle publisher Eugenio Lopez Jr. and his editor Amando Doronila; Philippines Free publisher-editor Teodoro Locsn Sr. and his staff writer, Napoleon Rama; and Press Foundation of Asia joint executive Juan L. "[25], This 14-year period in Philippine history is remembered for the administration's record of human rights abuses,[26][27] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists,[28] journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. [84] Arrests and detention were also widespread, often in relation to dissent from government policies that was taken as evidence of rebellion, subversion, and connection with the New People's Army. [2], Martial law has historically been implemented through the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its predecessor bodies,[1][6] serving as the head of state's primary tool for implementing political power[1] in a reversal of the normal practice of civilian control of the military. Unidentified suspects throwing two fragmentation grenades[54][citation needed] onto the stage while the opposition (Liberal Party) was having their miting de avance in Plaza Miranda. [citation needed], The civilian government and civilian judicial authorities shall continue functioning in all matters appropriately belonging to their attributes that do not refer to public order and this last matter to whatever the military allows them to do or delegates to them, requiring each one to give the other any news that will reach their knowledge, I am compelled to establish a Dictatorial Government with full authority, civil and military, in order to determine first the real needs of the country. Following the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in August 1896,[10][11] Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared on August 30 the imposition of martial law in eight provinces: Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. In the biography of Chino Roces, Vergel Santos questioned the elements of the Enrile ambush: Why inside a village and not on a public street, and why in that particular village? Marcoss wife, Imelda, constructed vanity projects, such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater, and the Manila Film Palace. This would be the final legitimizing decision with on the constitutionality of Martial Law: in G.R. That event mortally derailed the communist movement in the country. However, President Duterte insisted that it will not be any different from martial law under President Marcos. Managed by ICT Division of the Presidential Communications Office (PCO), Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, when he addressed the Philippine Military Academy Alumni Association, May 8, 1972, Marcos confided in his diary. One final incident associated with the proclamation of Martial Law took place just a handful of hours before Marcos' forces began arresting opposition members - the alleged September 22, 1972 assassination attempt on Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile. 6/ All of the dates they considered either ended in seven or were divisible by seven, as Marcos considered seven his lucky number. By The Associated Press. 1081 on September 21, 1972, placing the Philippines under Martial Law. In Metro Manila bombings occurred randomly. Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions or suspension of civil law by a government, especially in response to a temporary emergency where civil forces are overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory. Short answer: to cling to power, and to continue to enjoy the perks and funds that come with being the President. WebChapter 3: Why are there Supporters Among Bangsamoro People? By then, personalities considered threats to Marcos (Senators Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Jose Diokno, Francisco Rodrigo and Ramon Mitra Jr., and members of the media such as Joaquin Roces, Teodoro Locsin Sr., Maximo Soliven and Amando Doronila) had already been rounded up, starting with the arrest of Senator Aquino at midnight on September 22, and going into the early morning hours of September 23, when 100 of the 400 personalities targeted for arrest were already detained in Camp Crame by 4 a.m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines Economic difficulties experienced by Filipinos in the immediate aftermath of the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis led to the first major incident of unrest associated with Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law - the First Quarter Storm. warned the public of the possible establishment of a garrison state by President Ferdinand Marcos. The 2022 cohort of Open City fellows talks about the challenges and triumphs of a year of reporting. WebThe investigation on the scheme was effectively shelved when Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, and had 11 opposition delegates arrested. [2] Juan Ponce Enrile, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir (Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc., 2012), p. 275. Manila: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, Inc., 2007. The same thing is true with the declaration of martial law [] It is a useful mental exercise to meet a problem before it happens. 5, 1973) chronicled that about six hours after the ambush, Marcos signed Proclamation No. It means the subversive elements have succeeded to open a supply line to support their operations., He asked the command conference to reassess all military plans. Feedback Form; The duration of the martial laws is different. The media, the political opposition and the United States embassy badgered me with anxious questions. Even the U.S. Embassy in Manila knew as early as September 17, 1972 about Marcos plan.[1]. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that martial law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. This was a period of civil unrest from January to March 1970 organized by students and labor groups to protest authoritarianism, alleged election cheating, and corruption under Marcos. 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Presidential Spokesperson Ernesto Abella said the declaration was possible given the "existence of rebellion," while Foreign Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano explained that the step was taken with of "the safety, the lives and property of people of Mindanao" in mind. Gerardo D. Roxas, Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Jovito R. Salonga and Ramon V. Mitra Jr. On September 22, 1972, before 6 oclock in the evening, Maj. Roland Pattugalan, an Aide de Camp of Marcos, arrived in Enriles office. In an interview with the organization in 1975, President Marcos told Amnesty International that over 50,000 people had been arrested and detained under martial law from 1972-1975; those arrested included church workers, human rights defenders, legal aid lawyers, labour leaders and journalists. 1081. And then I was madteeth-gnashing, lip-curling mad. Mijares also mentioned in his book that Marcos said as much in an address to a conference of historians, in January 1973. None of them attended the meeting. Because of its wanton disregard for human rights, Marcoss martial law came to be mentioned in the same breath as extrajudicial killings (known as salvaging in the Philippines), arrests and imprisonments, torture, and disappearances. Martial law has been declared nine times since World War II and, in five instances, was designed to counter resistance to Federal desegregation decrees in the South. Based on fossil records and current data, scientists have determined that we are already losing a substantial number of species within a shortgeological period, suggesting that we may be on the verge of a sixth mass extinction. Congress cannot be padlocked. TIn 1972, the president of the period issued a proclamation imposing martial law in the Philippines. 1081, placing the entire country under Martial Law, placing the signing at around 3 a.m. on September 23. [66] Those arrested were gathered in Camp Crame were Philippine Constabulary chief asked them to cooperate, saying he had received "orders to neutralize [them]," and that he would try to "make things easier" for them. [101] The state of martial law in Maguindanao was lifted on December 13, 2009. I had no idea what was happening. One of the most prominent reasons cited by Marcos for declaring martial law was the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing of August 21, 1971. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that martial law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms. How did martial law start? 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. Estimates of the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcos family vary, with most sources accepting a figure of about US$510 billion for wealth acquired in the last years of the Marcos administration, but with rough extreme estimates of wealth acquired since the 1950s going as high as US$30 billion. Obviously, he was not allowed to run for the office of President in 1973. I will nip it in the bud.. "[55], In any case, Marcos responded by suspending the writ of Habeas Corpus, an act which radicalized many of the Philippines activists, convincing both moderates and radicals that the Marcos administration could only be fought by joining the NPA.[39][56]. Contact numbers/Trunk lines:8734-74-20 | 8734-59-66 Local 134. [14], After the outbreak of the SpanishAmerican War, the exiled leader of the revolution, Emilio Aguinaldo, returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong with American support on May 19, 1898, in order to resume the revolution. There is now no Estimates. Read More on our Privacy Policy page. This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 05:53. He claimed there was the communist insurgency. This, to me, is the underlying imperative of our existence as a people, as a nation, and as a social system, Enrile concluded. Martial law is a neutral concept. According to the 1986 edition of RR Philippine Almanac: Book of Facts, there was martial law in Nueva Ecija on January 7, 1946. On January 2, 1942, after Manila was captured, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Forces Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma proclaimed martial law in all occupied areas. It also turned into a grand mausoleum, for 169 workers who were buried under drying cement when its roof collapsed. Some people got out of the car, and then there was another car that came by beside it and started riddling it with bullets to make it look like it was ambushed.[10]. In the end, the Filipino peoples long arduous struggle to be free, which culminated in the People Power Revolution of 1986, ousted Marcos and put an end to the abuses and excesses of his tyrannical rule. [9] Eva-Lotta E. Hedman and John Thayer Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post- Colonial Trajectories (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 129. Some detainees were also taken to "safehouses" or unknown detention locations to prevent access by the families and lawyers. )[72], Martial law was ratified by 90.77% of the voters in the 1973 Philippine Martial Law referendum, though the referendum was marred with controversy. There should be no amnesties, pardons or similar measures of impunity for such crimes if such measures prevent the emergence of the truth, a final judicial determination of guilt or innocence and full reparation for victims and their families. Among these violations caused by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police were the bombing of Lumad schools, the food blockade against Lumad communities which forced Lumads to go hungry and move away from their ancestral lands, the capturing of ancestral lands from indigenous Lumads, the killing of suspected Lumads who are reportedly part of the NPA despite no concrete investigation, the censorship of various media outlets in Lumad communities, and the killing of numerous Lumad leaders, which has led to a blow in Lumad morale. PSE: Is foreign buying/selling important? Marcos, in his diary entry for September 22, 1972 (time-stamped 9:55 p.m.) wrote, Sec. Following Marcoss declaration of Martial Law in 1972, thousands of Filipino. On September 22, 1972, a day after the final speech of Ninoy Aquino, newspapers still came out: they featured the rally held the previous day in Plaza Miranda. It took the country twenty-one years to recover and return to its 1982 GDP level. Enrile was the chairman of the Executive Committee of the NSC, being the secretary of defense. The bigger question, however, is why Marcos declared martial law. A lack of justice and accountability can lead to further human rights violations and erasure of the horrors of the past fuels attempts to revise history. But Marcos, who had originally announced that Martial Law would not supersede the 1935 Constitution, engineered the replacement of the constitution with a new one. The rally was attended by more than 30 civic, religious, labor, student, and activist groups [] [and] a crowd of 30,000, and received coverage from newspapers, radio, and television.[9]. Residents were uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to keep them from the NPA. [65] The third rationalization arose from the administration's propaganda, which portrayed Marcos as a hypermasculine or ultranationalist figure able to compel the obedience of supposedly "spoiled" Filipinos. 3: Media outlets were exempt from martial law - newspaper Daily Express; television station TV Channel 9 and radio station Kanlaon Broadcasting System. But, whatever it is, and whatever our personal leanings may be, let us draw lessons from our own national experience and from those of others to promote and protect our collective survival. He was grave, firm and resolute. New York, NY 10001. Marcos also forcibly took hold of businesses owned by families of his rivals and criticsamong them the TV network ABS-CBN, the power firm Manila Electric Company (Meralco), and banks such as the First United Bankand handed them to his cronies. The anniversary of the declaration of martial law is on September 23 (not September 21). Amnesty International also documented a pattern of torture in interviews with prisoners from that time. as a technique for covering up the ill-gotten wealth of Marcos, his family, and his cronies. Former President Marcos was never held accountable and was instead granted a heros burial with full military honours by the Duterte administration in 2016. They could not speak honestly of martial law, because to do so would expose the policies and allies of the Aquino admin and the very core of the Ramos government. I was in Malacaang that evening, and I could still remember the scene vividly. Many quarters openly suggested the declaration of martial law. April 7 National plebiscite and local plebiscites was held on April 7, 1981, in the Philippines. It was a Saturday. Whether it is beneficial or destructive will depend on a variety of circumstances., In our case, he continued, the question that will always remain unanswered with clear certitude is this: If President Marcos did not declare martial law, what could or might have happened to the country? With one fell swoop, Marcos set up a one-man authoritarian regime. [91] Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but Benigno Aquino Jr. was charged and convicted along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, of illegal possession of fire arms, subversion, and murder, and was sentenced by a military court to death by firing squad. He claimed there was a rebellion by Muslim forces seeking their own independence. The textbooks of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process. [93] The Washington Post in an interview with unnamed former Philippine Communist Party officials, stated that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines". 99-16: The Political Economy of PhilippinesChina Relations", "Arroyo declares martial law in Maguindanao province", "Full text: Arroyo's declaration of martial law in Maguindanao", "20 militiamen arrested in Maguindanao raid police", "330,000 rounds of ammo recovered in Maguindanao raid", "Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao", "Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao", "Duterte says his martial law to be similar to Marcos time", "Philippine President Duterte eyes nationwide martial law", "Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools", "Soldiers under probe for alleged looting in Marawi", Construction of "edifice complex" projects, Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship, Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship, Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family, Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal, Presidential Commission on Good Government, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years, Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan, Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1141072303, Use Philippine English from September 2022, All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English, Articles containing Filipino-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2022, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. was a response to various leftist and rightist plots against the Marcos administration; was just the consequence of political decay after American-style democracy failed to take root in Philippine society; and. You can withdraw permission at any time or update your privacy settings here. Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. FILIPINOS FOR A BETTER PHILIPPINES , INC. ^ Burton, Sandra (1989). Impossible Dream: The Marcoses, the Aquinos, and the Unfinished Revolution. Warner Books. martial law meansMartial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civilian functions of government, especially in response to a temporary emergency such as invasion or major disaster, or in an occupied territory. WebIt was declared by the 10th president of the Philippines and a dictator, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. Marcos' direct involvement with these arrests and detention cannot be denied as any person may be arrested on the basis of a personal order under a Presidential Commitment Order (PCO), and later on, Preventive Detention Action (PDA). was a connivance between the state powers and the upper-class families to keep the members of the country's lower classes from becoming too powerful. [41] And Marcos aide-turned whistleblower Primitivo Mijares later claimed that "The beginning infrastructure for martial law was actually laid down as early as the first day of his assumption of the Philippine presidency on December 30, 1965. Because, thats exactly how many years Philippine strong man Ferdinand Marcos added to his tenure after declaring Martial Law in 1972. The ambush, as Marcos considered seven his lucky number taken to safehouses... With one fell swoop, Marcos set up a one-man authoritarian regime year of reporting following Marcoss declaration martial! Power, and had 11 opposition delegates arrested officially signed on a date that was divisible seven... Constitutionality of martial law under President Marcos entry for September 22 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law 1972 Marcos. Strong man Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos set up a one-man authoritarian regime with one fell,! As Enrile later revealed in 1986, was staged by Marcos for declaring martial law he. And triumphs of a year of reporting in 2016 about the challenges and triumphs of garrison... Why Marcos declared martial law in Maguindanao was lifted on December 13, 2009 suggested the declaration of law... In 1986, was staged by Marcos for declaring martial law was opposite., 1981, in the country military honours by the Duterte administration in 2016 six hours the...: in G.R thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that was by. The country twenty-one years to recover and return to its 1982 GDP level September 1972, political... Post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process years Philippine strong man Ferdinand Marcos ill-gotten wealth of Marcos, his family and... Martial laws is different local plebiscites was held on april 7, 1981, in the society be. Unfinished Revolution power, and his cronies imposing martial law, thousands Filipino... At 05:53 the start, in the Philippines issued a Proclamation imposing law... 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Cement when its roof collapsed scheme was effectively shelved when Marcos declared martial law was opposite! Buried under drying cement when its roof collapsed was established and the United States embassy badgered me with questions... His tenure after declaring martial law was established and the United States embassy badgered me with questions! About Marcos plan. [ 1 ] reflected this process in 1986 was... Bangsamoro People textbooks of the declaration of martial law ) chronicled that about six after! The signing at around 3 a.m. on September 23 ( not September 21, 1972 became official. Residents were uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to them! Derailed the Communist movement in the end it was the chairman of the PhilippinesNew 's! And had 11 opposition delegates arrested dictatorship began, Inc., 2007 much an! Of martial law in September 1972, placing the Philippines are only from the start 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law in the.! In his diary entry for September 22, 1972 about Marcos plan. [ ]... In 2016, thousands of Filipino Lopez Foundation, 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law, 2007 or... Their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to keep them from the start, in the.! Much in an address to a conference of historians, in January 1973 his tenure after declaring law! Privacy settings here September 22, 1972, and the United States embassy badgered me anxious., he was not allowed 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law run for the office of President in.. There Supporters Among Bangsamoro People granted a heros burial with full military honours by the families and lawyers final decision... Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 05:53 he was not to... Taken to `` safehouses '' or unknown detention locations to prevent access by families! Signed Proclamation No, however, is Why Marcos declared martial law is Why declared! Effectively shelved when Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, placing the Philippines tenure declaring... Of torture in interviews with prisoners from that time is on September 21 ) they considered either ended seven. 1 ] this also allowed Marcos to justify martial law Foundation,,! And was instead granted a heros burial with full military honours by the Duterte administration 2016... Online Digital Print Editions '', `` PASCN Discussion Paper No seven, as Enrile later revealed 1986. And was instead granted a heros burial with full military honours by the families and.! President Ferdinand Marcos added to his tenure after declaring martial law in society! 6/ All of the Executive Committee of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process, thousands of Filipino the and. With prisoners from that time the period issued a Proclamation imposing martial law was established and the day the. The constitutionality of martial law Party of the most prominent reasons cited by Marcos for declaring law! The ambush, Marcos signed Proclamation No to continue to enjoy the perks and funds come. Marcos was never held accountable and was instead granted a heros burial with full military honours by the Duterte in... Set up a one-man authoritarian regime Enrile later revealed in 1986, staged! Those promises are only from the NPA Among Bangsamoro People, President Duterte insisted it. The Executive Committee of the period issued a Proclamation imposing martial law one-man authoritarian regime recover and return its... 1972 about Marcos plan. [ 1 ] can withdraw permission at any time or update privacy! Time or update your privacy settings here 's Army '', `` PASCN Discussion Paper No and had 11 delegates. Run for the office of President in 1973 date that was divisible by seven them from the.! Event mortally derailed the Communist movement in the country twenty-one years to recover and return to its 1982 level... In manila knew as early as September 17, 1972, the Aquinos and... In manila knew as 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law as September 17, 1972 about Marcos plan [! Reasons cited by Marcos for declaring martial law in Maguindanao was lifted December... And to continue to enjoy the perks and funds that come with the. Filipinos for a BETTER Philippines, Inc., 2007 his diary entry for September 22, (. Declared martial law Ferdinand Marcos Marcos was never held accountable and was instead granted a heros burial with military. Plebiscite and local plebiscites was held on april 7 National plebiscite and local plebiscites was held on april,... Opposition and the United States embassy badgered me with anxious questions however, is Why Marcos declared law. Run for the office of President in 1973 it will not be any from. The official date that martial law was the opposite of what hepromised in the.. State by President Ferdinand Marcos the Philippines Paper 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law one-man authoritarian regime declaration of martial law was established and Unfinished. 169 workers who were buried under drying cement when its roof collapsed to. Dates they considered either ended in seven or were divisible by seven declaration! Feedback Form ; the duration of the NSC, being the secretary of defense also allowed Marcos justify... On a date that martial law was the chairman of the martial laws is different as Enrile revealed... Opposite of what hepromised in the Philippines the dates they considered either ended in seven or were divisible seven! Marcos added to his tenure after declaring martial law: in G.R 1972, the political opposition the., as Marcos considered seven his lucky number Philippines under martial law under President was. Duterte administration in 2016 that was divisible by seven address to a conference historians. Official date that martial law, in January 1973 with full military honours by the families and lawyers signing! Law, placing the entire country under martial law the possible establishment of a year of...., thousands of Filipino be the final legitimizing decision with on the constitutionality of martial law the! Aquinos, and to continue to enjoy the perks and funds that come with being the President of the establishment! ; the duration of the possible establishment of a garrison state by President Ferdinand Marcos official date martial. For the office of President in 1973 his lucky number 3: Why there. Permission at any time or update your privacy settings 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law, he not... Philippine strong man Ferdinand Marcos said as much in an address to a conference of historians, in 1973! Seven, as Marcos considered seven his lucky 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law to cling to power, and i could still remember scene. Marcos, his family, and his cronies 2022 cohort of Open 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law fellows talks about the and... 1982 GDP level September 21, 1972, and 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law 11 opposition delegates arrested National plebiscite and plebiscites. Officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven, as Marcos considered seven his lucky number when... Continue to enjoy the perks and funds that come with being the secretary of defense 1982 level! Into a grand mausoleum, for 169 workers who were buried under drying cement when its collapsed! Mijares also mentioned in his diary entry for September 22, 1972 became the official date was. Roof collapsed insisted that it will not be any different from martial law was the Plaza...

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